The Role of Melatonin in Determining the Sleep

The Role of Melatonin in Determining the Sleep Introduction The pineal gland that is positioned in the brain produces the hormone melatonin (Blask, 2009). Melatonin plays a significant role in the circadian control of sleep as well as in restraining the development of malignant cells. In addition, melatonin improves the performance of the immune system (Blask, 2009). This paper is a patient education material on the role of melatonin in determining the sleep-wake patterns.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Melatonin in Determining the Sleep-Wake Cycle specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Melatonin and Sleep The human body undergoes regular cycles every twenty-four hours. These cycles, which entail sleep, secretion of certain hormones and regulation of body temperature, are referred to as circadian cycles. The suprachiasmatic nucleus in the hypothalamus contains a rhythm-creating system that regulates the secretion of melatonin (Jarvis, Russell Gorman, 2004 ). Melatonin, which works as a night indicator, also controls this system. As darkness approaches, the pineal gland starts to secrete melatonin. The quantity of melatonin secreted increases as the darkness intensifies. Melatonin then sends a signal to the brain region that is responsible for the control of the sleep-wake cycle. Consequently, the brain responds by causing sleep. In the morning, the quantity of melatonin in the blood and in the brain reduces significantly thereby causing one to be awake. Contact of the eyes with light also diminishes the concentration of the hormone in the blood. Regulation of Melatonin Light and darkness are the key regulators of melatonin levels. Factors such as jet-lag (traveling to different time zones), working late at night and irregular sleep hours affect the secretion of melatonin and subsequently alter the sleep-wake cycle. Although melatonin is secreted naturally, synthetic melatonin is readily and can be used to improve sleep outcomes in pe ople with sleep disorders (Franco, 2008). Conclusion The sleep-wake cycle is important as it allows the body to have adequate rest. Therefore, we ought to ensure that we have sufficient hours of sleep to ensure the overall well-being of our bodies. References Blask, D. E. (2009). Melatonin, sleep disturbance and cancer risk. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 13(4), 257-264.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Franco, R. (2008). Melatonin. Web. Jarvis, M., Russell, J., Gorman, P. (2004). Angles of psychology (2nd ed.). United Kingdom: Nelson Thornes.

A Level System Supports Positive Behavior

A Level System Supports Positive Behavior A level system for behavior contract is in many ways a sophisticated system for improving and shaping students long term behavior. By establishing levels, much as in a rubric for academic performance, you can shape students behavior by slowly increasing the expectations for meeting each level. This system is particularly good for secondary students, and can help a student in a single class or across classes. Creating a Level System Choosing Behaviors to Monitor Begin by identifying which behaviors will pull the cart of the students behavior. In other words if you successfully identify behaviors that are pivotal for improving a students over all performance and behavior in your class, focus on them. Behaviors need to be explicit and measurable, although data collection is not your primary focus. Still, avoid general, subjective terms like respectful, or attitude. Focus on the behaviors that will eliminate the attitude. Instead of shows respect for peers you need to identify the behavior as Waits to be called on or Waits rather than interrupts peers. You cannot tell your students what to feel. You can tell them what their behavior should look like. Choose 4 or 5 behaviors that will define the levels: i.e. PunctualityConforming to rules.Completing assignments,Participation Some people would include listening but I find that some secondary students who appear to be ignoring the teacher may actually be listening. You can ask for certain kinds of academic behavior that show whether a student has been attending or not. You cannot actually see students listening. Define the Behaviors for Each Level Describe what is excellent, good, or poor punctuality. Excellent may be on time and ready to learn. Good might be on time. And poor would be late or tardy. Determine Consequences for the Students Behavior Positive consequences can be given weekly or daily, depending on the age and maturity of the student or the intensity or inappropriateness of the behavior. For students with grossly inappropriate behavior , or who have a long way to go, you may want to reward performance daily. As a student participates in a behavior support program, over time, you want to thin reinforcement as well as spread it out so that students learn eventually to evaluate their own behavior and reward themselves for appropriate behavior. Consequences can be positive (a reward) or negative (loss of privileges) depending on the number of excellents or the number of poors each student earns. Decide Who will Provide the Reinforcement I would try to get parents to do the reinforcing if at all possible. Secondary students are especially gifted at working teachers against parents or parents against teacher. When you have parents on board, you are more likely to get the cooperation of a student. It also make lessons learned in school generalize to the students home. There is also nothing wrong with double dipping, providing one level of reward at school (i.e. a privilege earned for so many excellents) and another at home (a trip to a preferred restaurant with the family for so many excellents in a week, etc.) Evaluate and Re-evaluate Eventually, your goal is for students to learn to self-evaluate. You want to Fade from supporting the students behavior. You want to achieve these by. Increasing the time you evaluate, from daily to weekly.Raise the level of behavior you want the student to exhibit for each behavior (especially academic behavior. Tools for a Level Behavior System A Contract: Your contract needs to lay out the who, what, where, when, how of your system. Who: The students who will perform the behavior, the parent(s) who will reinforce the appropriate behavior and the teacher(s) who will evaluate the students behavior.What: Behavior you want to see increase. Remember, keep it positive.Where: all classes, or just one where the student is struggling? Do mom and want to continue the plan at home? (include levels for cleaning the room, say, or touching base with parents when out with friends?)When: Daily? Each period? Weekly? Remember to make it often enough to quickly increase the behavior, but understand that you will eventually be thinning reinforcement by spreading the incidence of reinforcement over longer intervals.How: Who is the evaluator? Will you give the student input on evaluation, or will it all be on you? Monitoring Tools: You want to create a tool that will make it easy for you or for general education teachers who may be evaluating students. I offer you models for A contract for a single class with a key.A blank contract for a single class.A week for a self contained program.A week for multiple classes.

Adult Learners in Higher Education and Training Assignment

Adult Learners in Higher Education and Training - Assignment Example   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Wherever these basic principles can be spotted, the contract-learning tool can be effectively put to use. According to Knowles, students that are used to a more conventional style of learning may have troubles in adjusting to contract to learn. They will need to reorient themselves to get the most out of their learning contract. These students are usually those who have a habit of following orders and directions from others.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Contract learning demands from the students to demonstrate conceptual skills to establish evidence or proof of their learning. Contract learning allows adults to choose the area of learning that they are more interested in. This option of exercising personal choice in learning appears to contribute towards productive learning. As a result, individuals develop their own learning skills through contract learning. By writing business proposals professionally. The moment I will get paid to write a business proposal will be a good indication that I have learned about it.  Currently taking online quizzes on employee motivation and scoring satisfactorily is a good indication.  By motivating my friends and colleagues in their respective professional fields.

5. Strategic management- evaluation of the article Coursework

5. Strategic management- evaluation of the article - Coursework Example Coordination of individual can be done effectively over several miles; geographic locations are not a limitation. In Miguel’s et al. European Management Journal, (2011), hierarchy is often used as a structure to achieve deployment and success in strategy. The following part of the essay will analyse strategic processes and how they succeed under hierarchy organization. Also of major concern will be the strategies in organizations and how they may be explained and implemented through various strategy theories. In the essay there will also include an evaluation criteria by means of auditing. It will majorly explore on management issues of hierarchical systems. In several areas where many people are involved in accomplishing a specific task, people find a way of coordinating what they are doing in their parts in order to mutually achieve optimum goals. There are various hierarchy theories under strategy management that bring out the most out of activities done. Among the most common theories that explain coordination are the cognitive hierarchy theory, social projection theory and the theory of team explanation. Schelling (1960) showed how decisions made by humans are undeniable hinged on coordinative actions and expectations of other people’s actions. A brief explanation of the hierarchical theories explains how the theories are related to the organization system and how they may be used to influence actions taken for better strategy execution. The cognitive hierarchy theory was proposed first in the years 1945 and 1946. This theory was built to make individuals who have varying reasoning levels to coordinate and move at a higher regulated pace. Team reasoning, on the other hand, is a theory that utilizes the motivation of individuals working on a goal. In the circumstances where individuals are motivated, there is maximized standard effort that raises each individual’s expectations. In such collaboration, decision making is

Satire in Huckleberry Finn Essay Example for Free

Satire in Huckleberry Finn Essay Chapters 1-4: Superstition In chapters 1-4 of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain, Twains characters tend to get worked up over the silliest of superstitions. In the second chapter, when Huck accidentally flicks a spider into a flame, he, â€Å"Was so scared and most shook the clothes off [him]† (Twain 3). He counters the burden that the dead spider will bring by performing plenty of even more odd acts like turning around while crossing his breast and tying up a lock of his hair to ward off the witches. Huck is still anxious because he hadnt been told that any of those counter charms were good for removing the penance of killing a spider. Most superstitions throughout these chapters stem from one person telling another of an irrational belief they hold as the truth like Jims â€Å"magical† hair-ball that he profits off of by telling people very vague fortunes (Twain 17-18). Some of these fortunes come true, so people tell others about the miraculous magic hair-ball. Superstition is an issue that has been around forever, and will probably be around forever. A psychologist, B. F. Skinner, discovered that any animal will develop superstitions, we are all just wired that way. For example, if one makes a bad grade on a test Monday, Wednesday and Friday, and it rains Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, one may start to believe that the rain is the reason why they have bad test grades just because of the correlation . Because of this, they may never want to take tests when it rains. Today, superstitions are less abundant because of widespread knowledge of science and reasoning, but it can still be observed in sports and religion where people do things really without a reason or dont really understand why. They just do it because theyve always done it. Superstition today does not really harm society but honestly makes it more interesting. Chapter 5: Greed In chapter 5, Mark Twains character, Pap Finn portrays greed in its purest form, and that is, in a stinky, rotten, hairy, drunkard. Pap Finn never does anything unless it benefits himself. Pap never helped another person out in the entire novel if it meant he had to lift a finger. He only even visits his only son whenever he needs money. When Huck finds Pap in his room right after hearing Jims fortune about the appearance happening, Pap first orders Huck to stop being smart because its making him look bad, and then reveals the real reason for his sudden showing up when he demands, â€Å"You git me that money tomorrow—I want it† (Twain 20). Pap uses the last bit of his power, his father authority, to exercise his greediness. Twain uses Pap to prove that absolute greediness is illogical. Even though Pap does whatever he can to help himself, because he was not good to others like his son, he receives none of the wealth that Huck has gained which would be given to a decent father. Greed is strongly prevalent today, especially in our economy. The American capitalistic economy is strongly centered on greed and excess. The highest ranking person in a business is really almost just like Pap, except they are rich and all.. The banks often try to profit quickly from the less fortunate by mortgage scams and placing many in debt and in even worse conditions than they were already in. CEOs and executives on Wall Street find loopholes to help themselves without even considering the lasting effects on the economy. Of course, there is greed and corruption in the government too. I think that this positively reinforced greed has really damaged the country. Greediness is the heart of America, but if it doesnt have boundaries, we may all turn into very lewd Pap Finns. Chapter 8: Slavery Twain, in chapter 8, demonstrates how slavery rips apart the moral fabric of a society by exposing the hypocrisy and underlying effects of the issue. Slavery corrodes the slave owner just as much as the slave as evidenced by Miss Watson lying about never sending Jim to New Orleans, but since the money was worth more to her than a human life, she goes back on her promise (Twain 43). Despite Miss Watsons piety, because she owns a slave, her morals are allowed to break down, and she breaks a commandment and goes against the bible when she greedily accepts the money. Jim, as a slave, is always in fear. He was afraid of Miss Watsons treatment when he lived with her, afraid of being sent to be a plantation worker, and now terrified of being caught as a runaway (Twain 43). This alone is enough to ruin his humanity, not to mention his physical beatings as well. The only thing he has to hold on to are his various superstitions like, â€Å"You musnt count the things you are going to cook for dinner, because that would bring bad luck† (Twain 45), and all of the signs and other things he points out. Huckleberry, even though he is very fond of Jim, constantly refers to him as â€Å"Miss Watsons Jim† (Twain), reminding the reader that Hucks society was taught that slaves were just property and nothing more. Because of slavery, the southern society in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has a lapse in morals by almost all of the whites, actually supports the devastatingly inhumane psychological and physiological treatment of humans, and contains seriously horrible false perceptions and prejudices. Slavery is not really an issue today. It has been abolished for over 100 years now. Although, the fact that (southern) society is functioning much better than it did back then proves that the slave-centered society was not only morally atrocious but also financially weak. The slave owners owned almost all of the wealth in the southern society. The poorer whites all idolized the planter aristocracy, but the aristocracy was hogging all of the wealth and causing the poverty. The Impending Crisis of the South by Hinton Helper, used charts and graphs to explain how exactly the non-slave holding whites were actually being harmed by the institution. The book was quickly ordered to be burned by the planter aristocracy. The only reason the poor whites kept voting for slavery was because they hoped to someday own slaves, and because they liked feeling racially superior. Slavery ended, and a few decades or so later, almost everybody was pretty much content with the way society was functioning Chapters 12-13: Man’s Inhumanity/Cruelty to Man In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Huck Finn is initially not one to stray away from violence and is typically fascinated with it. However, when Twain transitions the violence from make-believe with the band of robbers with Tom Sawyer to bloody, cruel violence on the steamboat, he exposes another moral atrocity by examining it through the eyes of a young boy. Although Huck had been intrigued with murdering and robbing in the beginning of the book, in chapter 12, Huck is greeted by actual violence and death, and realizes how awful it really is. On the steamboat, Huck reacts extremely impulsively when he realizes that the men are actually going to die. He becomes alarmed and heroically wants to save them even if it meant risking his own life (Twain 69-70). Even though Huck had been raised by an outrageously selfish father, and even though he pretends not to be bothered by blood and guts, when confronted with real violence, he puts aside his own need to rescue another. A young, barely educated child can realize how barbaric cruelty to another human is, but the frequency of such events have just desensitized most adults from realize the true monstrosity. I strongly agree with Twains idea that most people are born innocent. Not a great number of killings have been done by young children. Today, I think most of the worst cruel, inhumane treatment is done by people with psychological issues. A lot is done by people who have grown up in an environment that has desensitized them to violence like gangs, drug dealers, and the even the military. The media also plays a role in sustaining inhumanity. The increased violence in video games and on TV shows has made violent events part of every day life. Although I do think most people can differentiate between real violence and fantasy, I also believe that making gore so prevalent has made it seem less serious than it actually is. To me, inhumanity is probably the most disturbing issue. I sympathize immensely with people in poverty, and I really hate people being treated unfairly, but I sometimes cannot even stand to hear or look at somebody treating another person like an animal or even saying awful things to them. Chapter 6: prejudices/biases In chapter 6 of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain satires black prejudice by contrasting a white man and a black man. The white man, Pap Finn is dirty, hairy, greasy, and illiterate. He is infuriated that a black man is allowed the right to vote even though he is, â€Å"Most white as a white man†(Twain 27). Pap Finn portrays the white man as evil and racist in the novel. The free black man is the complete opposite of Pap. He is clean, well-educated and nicely dressed (Twain 27). The differences in this man and Pap exacerbate Pap. Just being black was enough to gain Paps hate, but since it was a smart, clean, well-dressed black man, it set him off. Twain disproves the idea of black men being stupid and uncivilized and white men being the better breed by filling the book with exceptions to these claims. I think that people today do get flustered by people being different and come up with racist ideas to help them cope with that. I guess I still live in my own little bubble of Kingwood suburbia, but I have not seen much evidence of extreme racism. I dont even really feel prejudice often either. I try to be analytical of people, but hardly ever base anything off of ones race. I know dangerous racism is still occurring in the deep south, but honestly, its dying out because more and more people are realizing what Twain was preaching. All men are created equal. I think that homosexuals are the next group that will be vindicated. Their civil rights movement is following more of the same patterns as previous ones. People have been slowly understanding them more and more. It is just hard for some to dismiss previously held beliefs.

Anthropology :: Anthropological Culture Essays

Anthropology Works Cited Missing Anthropology is a discipline studying flux and change in human communities and definitions of identity, mirroring the dynamic play of modernist reconceptualizations of meaning. As an academic discipline, anthropology demands a realization of the interconnectedness between human groups, a heightened abstraction of vocabulary and tools with which to articulate these connections, and self reflexive sensitivity to its history. In this same vein, modernism, as a movement of avant-garde ideas and art forms, draws community to study of itself, demands its own vocabulary of critique, and harkens back to the history of events that prompted the movement. Perhaps the clearest reflection of modernity in anthropology is found in dynamic cities and the birth of â€Å"industrial mass societies† (Rodrigues and Garratt 94). Just as modernist ideas were stimulated by rivers â€Å"of images and sounds jostling for attention† in the city, so to did this urban growth invigorate modern anthropology (33). Pursuing new forms of recording field work and transcending common modes of thought, modern anthropologists enjoy a veritable playground of new anthropological themes and circumstances. Evolving consumer items, fashions and entertainment demand an exponential reconfiguration of vocabulary to fit new inventions of community and individual identity. Methods of describing human beings through enhancing quantitative data and statistical information create more distinct categories of people, and provoke internal deconstructions of purpose and intention in field work. Reconfigurations of self within city communities blooms with exposure to different systems of living and thinking. In these reconfigurations, anthropology confronts the â€Å"glaring blind spots† of gender and race representations within the discipline, as modernity did through post-modernism (128). Today, women and minorities are anthropologists vital to the field, and anthropologists embrace a fuller reconceptualizing of their own identity in political-economic and socially roles. Self-reflexive, anthropologists reinterpret their motives within new communities again and again, just as modernist artists challenge audiences to reinterpret assumptions and motives of art, music and literature.

Excessive Talking Essay

I am being disciplined for talking in class without the teacher’s permission. I must realize that when too many people are talking at once, it is hard to hear and understand anyone at all. That is one reason why my teacher wants only one person to talk at a time. A second reason is that most people find it difficult to think about what they are trying to say if someone else is talking at the same time they are. A third reason I should not talk in class without first being given permission is that most people find it hard to concentrate on their schoolwork when others around them are talking. There are times to listen and think and work quietly. It is at these times that I should not talk without being given permission first. Additionally, by paying attention to, and doing, my schoolwork instead of talking without permission, I will probably get better grades. When I talk in class, I bother everyone around me. I also bother my teacher. By talking in class I keep myself and others from learning. I also show others that I have not learned how to follow directions or how to control myself. Some students might find it hard to be friends with me if I cannot follow directions or control myself, because they could get in trouble too, by talking back to me during class. In fact, if they get caught and I don’t, they will probably be angry at me because I started talking first! I should work very hard to not talk during class unless I get permission first. A step to learning how to stop talking is to know why I do it, and what problems it causes others. Then I need to make a plan for improving my behavior, like making a promise to the teacher (and myself) at the beginning of each class. Or, I could make a card to put on my desk during class that reads something like: â€Å"Get permission to talk.†

Imagery in Dante’s Inferno

Robert Herrick, an English poet, once said, â€Å"Hell is no other but a soundlesse pit, where no one beame of comfort peeps in it. † Picture any type of Hell with relief, happiness, or even the smallest crack of a smile. There is no place. In fact, one can only think of the complete opposite, whether it is a Hell filled with neglect, pain, disgust, or a never-ending life of horror. This is the place created by Dante Alighieri; The Inferno is exactly the type of Hell where no person would want to be. Even those who acted upon the lightest of sins suffered greatly.While each realm contained a different sinner, the punishment that each were forced to face was cruel, repulsive, and sometimes rather disgusting. Through grieving tears without an exit, unbearably itchy scabs, and a putrid, slushy ground, Dante uses vivid imagery to describe the various realms of Hell. As Dante passes through each realm, he uses organic and visual imagery to describe the sinners’ lives in Hell . When people feel an immense amount of pain, physically or mentally, they usually cry.Those treacherous to their country could not bear to handle their grief. However, as freezing rain and wind whipped their faces, their tears froze in their eyes. Dante used organic imagery to give a clear impression of the suffering these sinners dealt with: â€Å"Their very weeping closes up their eyes; / and the grief that finds no outlet for its tears / turns inward to increase their agonies† (Alighieri XXXIII. 94-96). Dante made it apparent that the sinners’ actions made their bodies filled with grief, a feeling that is painful enough for anyone.However, as if mental pain is not enough, Dante assures the reader that the sinners’ grief was thrown directly back into their bodies since they could not cry. Because of this, the reader cannot picture the sinners’ pain, but actually feel what it would be like to be unable to release grief through tears. In the realm of the alchemists, Dante uses visual imagery to portray their horrific pain. Cursed with leprosy and irritating scabs, the alchemists constantly picked at themselves in hopes of relieving their bleeding, itchy skin. Dante gives a picture perfect example of their torment.It was said that, â€Å"And as they scrubbed and clawed themselves, their nails / drew down the scabs the way a knife scrapes bream / or some other fish with even larger scales† (Alighieri XXIX. 82-84). The impression that Dante gives forces the reader into picturing the sinners drag their dirty nails into their prickly, scabbed skin, so rapidly and intense, that he compares it to a knife grating the scales of a fish. Dante also uses visual imagery to describe the lives of the gluttons. Since the gluttons spent their lives consuming massive amounts of food and drink, they represented themselves as garbage.Therefore, they were treated as such in Hell. The reader is able to visualize the punishment of a glutton throug h Dante’s vivid expression: â€Å"Huge hailstones, dirty water, and black snow / pour from the dismal air to putrefy / the putrid slush that waits for them below† (Alighieri VI. 10-12). The reader can obviously picture the clean ground beneath all of the disgusting dirt, mold, mud, and rancid slush. Dante also puts the image of the rotting gluttons that lie under this filthy mess into the reader’s mind. Each realm contains something different, and Dante clearly proves to give the sense of a different image every time.While every person has a different depiction of Hell, Dante provides fascinating imagery of his portrayal, so the reader can truly experience the same sense as he did. It may seem shocking, but even Dante was surprised to see what he found in each realm. Imagery not only creates a picture, but it also tells a story. When Hell is involved, both are needed to understand the full effect. Through grief, scabs, and garbage, Dante takes the reader on a ho rrifying, yet interesting ride through Hell that no one would ever believe he or she could imagine.

Free Essays on Egos Preparation For Rebirth

After having been strengthened in the ineffable harmony of the higher world called the Third Heaven (mentioned by St. Paul in II Corinthians 12:2), the Ego has a desire for new experiences in the Physical world and begins to contemplate a new birth. This conjures up a series of pictures before the vision of the Spirita panorama of the new life in store for it, containing the principal events which begin at the cradle and end at the grave. In some cases several panoramas may be shown, so that the advanced Ego has a choice. Having chosen the life it will live, the Spirit, possessing only the forces of the four seed-atoms (the nuclei of the dense, vital, and desire bodies, and the sheath of mind), the Ego begins its descent into the Physical World. The forces of the mind of the last life are awakened from their latency in the seed-atom, and begin to attract materials from the Region of concrete Thought for which it has an affinity. The same then occurs for the desire, the etheric, and the dense bodies. This material forms itself into a great bell- shaped figure, open at the top, where the seed-atoms are. When the proper time comes, the building of the new body and its placement in the proper environment is done by the four great Beings known as the Recording Angels, or Lords of Destiny. The vital body is built by the inhabitants of the heaven world and the Nature Spirits in such a manned as to form a particular type of brain. However, the returning Ego itself incorporates therein the quintessence of i ts former vital bodies, and in addition to this also does a little original work. The vital body, having been molded by the Lords of Destiny, will give form to the dense body, organ for organ. This matrix or mold is then placed in the womb of the future mother. The seed-atom for the dense body is in the triangular head of one of the spermatozoa in the semen of the father. When the impregnation of the ovum has taken place, the ... Free Essays on Ego's Preparation For Rebirth Free Essays on Ego's Preparation For Rebirth After having been strengthened in the ineffable harmony of the higher world called the Third Heaven (mentioned by St. Paul in II Corinthians 12:2), the Ego has a desire for new experiences in the Physical world and begins to contemplate a new birth. This conjures up a series of pictures before the vision of the Spirita panorama of the new life in store for it, containing the principal events which begin at the cradle and end at the grave. In some cases several panoramas may be shown, so that the advanced Ego has a choice. Having chosen the life it will live, the Spirit, possessing only the forces of the four seed-atoms (the nuclei of the dense, vital, and desire bodies, and the sheath of mind), the Ego begins its descent into the Physical World. The forces of the mind of the last life are awakened from their latency in the seed-atom, and begin to attract materials from the Region of concrete Thought for which it has an affinity. The same then occurs for the desire, the etheric, and the dense bodies. This material forms itself into a great bell- shaped figure, open at the top, where the seed-atoms are. When the proper time comes, the building of the new body and its placement in the proper environment is done by the four great Beings known as the Recording Angels, or Lords of Destiny. The vital body is built by the inhabitants of the heaven world and the Nature Spirits in such a manned as to form a particular type of brain. However, the returning Ego itself incorporates therein the quintessence of i ts former vital bodies, and in addition to this also does a little original work. The vital body, having been molded by the Lords of Destiny, will give form to the dense body, organ for organ. This matrix or mold is then placed in the womb of the future mother. The seed-atom for the dense body is in the triangular head of one of the spermatozoa in the semen of the father. When the impregnation of the ovum has taken place, the ...

Constitutional Monarchy Definition and Examples

Constitutional Monarchy Definition and Examples A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch- typically a king or queen- acts as the head of state within the parameters of a written or unwritten constitution. In a constitutional monarchy, political power is shared between the monarch and a constitutionally organized government such as a parliament. Constitutional monarchies are the opposite of absolute monarchies, in which the monarch holds all power over the government and the people. Along with the United Kingdom, a few examples of modern constitutional monarchies include Canada, Sweden, and Japan. Key Takeaways: Constitutional Monarchy A constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a non-elected monarch functions as the head of state within the limits of a constitution.Political power in a constitutional monarchy is shared between the monarch and an organized government such as the British Parliament.A constitutional monarchy is the opposite of an absolute monarchy in which the monarch has total power over the government and the people. Power Distribution in a Constitutional Monarchy Similar to the way in which the powers and duties of the President of the United States are described in the U.S. Constitution, the powers of the monarch, as the head of state, are enumerated in the constitution of a constitutional monarchy. In most constitutional monarchies, the monarchs’ political powers, if any, are very limited and their duties are mostly ceremonial. Instead, real governmental power is exercised by a parliament or similar legislative body overseen by a prime minister. While the monarch may be recognized as the â€Å"symbolic† head of state, and the government might technically function in the name of the queen or king, the prime minister actually governs the country. Indeed, it has been said that the monarch of a constitutional monarchy is, â€Å"A sovereign who reigns but does not rule.† As a compromise between placing blind trust in a lineage of kings and queens who have inherited their power, and a belief in the political wisdom of the people being ruled, modern constitutional monarchies are usually a blend of the monarchal rule and representative democracy.  Ã‚   Besides serving as a living symbol of national unity, pride and tradition, the constitutional monarch may- depending on the constitution- have the power to disband the current parliamentary government or to give royal consent to the actions of the parliament. Using England’s constitution as an example, British political scientist Walter Bagehot listed the three main political rights available to a constitutional monarch: â€Å"the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, and the right to warn.† Constitutional vs. Absolute Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy A constitutional monarchy is a blended form of government in which a king or queen with limited political power rules in combination with a legislative governing body such as a parliament representing the desires and opinions of the people.   Absolute Monarchy An absolute monarchy is a form of government in which a king or queen rules with total unchallenged and unchecked political and legislative power. Based on the ancient concept of the â€Å"Divine Right of Kings† suggesting that kings derived their authority from God, absolute monarchies operate under the political theory of absolutism. Today the only remaining pure absolute monarchies are Vatican City, Brunei, Swaziland, Saudi Arabia, and Oman. After the signing of the Magna Carta in 1512, constitutional monarchies began to supplant absolute monarchies for a combination of similar reasons, including their often weak or tyrannical kings and queens, failure to provide funds for pressing public needs, and refusal to address valid grievances of the people.   Current Constitutional Monarchies Today, the world’s 43 constitutional monarchies are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, a 53-nation intergovernmental support organization headed by the sitting monarch of the United Kingdom. Some of the best-recognized examples of these modern constitutional monarchies include the governments of the United Kingdom, Canada, Sweden, and Japan. The United Kingdom Made up of England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, in which the queen or king is the head of state, while an appointed prime minister leads the government in the form of the British Parliament. Bestowed with all lawmaking powers, the Parliament is composed of the House of Commons, the members of which are elected by the people, and the House of Lords made up members who have either been appointed or have inherited their seats. 28th September 1952: Princess Elizabeth watching her son Prince Charles playing in his toy car while at Balmoral. Lisa Sheridan / Getty Images Canada While the monarch of the United Kingdom also serves as Canada’s head of state, the Canadian people are governed by an elected prime minister and a legislative parliament. In the Canadian parliament, all laws are proposed by a popularly-elected House of Commons and must be approved by the royally-appointed Senate.   Sweden The King of Sweden, while the head of state, lacks any defined political power and serves a largely ceremonial role. All lawmaking power is vested in the Riksdag, a single-chambered legislative body composed of democratically elected representatives.   Japan In the world’s most populous constitutional monarchy, the Emperor of Japan has no constitutional role in the government and is relegated to ceremonial duties. Created in 1947 during the country’s post-World War II U.S. occupation, Japan’s constitution provides for a government structure similar to that of the United States. Newlywed Prince and Princess Hitachi pose at the doorway of the imperial Palace. Bettmann Archive / Getty Images The executive branch is overseen by a royally-appointed prime minister who controls the government. The legislative branch, called the National Diet, is a popularly-elected, bicameral body composed of a House of Councillors and a House of Representatives. The Japanese Supreme Court and several lower courts make up a judicial branch, which functions independently of the executive and legislative branches. Sources Bogdanor, Vernon (1996). The Monarchy and the Constitution. Parliamentary Affairs, Oxford University Press.Constitutional Monarchy. British Monarchist League.Dunt, Ian, ed. (2015). Monarchy: What is a Monarchy? politics.co.ukLearning with the Times: 7 nations still under absolute monarchy. (Nov. 10, 2008) The Times of India

The future of Food Supply Chain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The future of Food Supply Chain - Essay Example With the concern moving to the scarcity of resources, the world is facing a new challenge of producing more with lesser resources. The food supply chain industry is dominated by features like increasing demands, increasing volatility risks and limitation of resources. Discussion There are various factors that are likely to shape the future of the global food supply chain industry. The factors arising from the suppliers’ side are: increased competition for expenditures by the consumers, major changes in the operating environment, improvement of the quality of the commodities, high differentiation level of food products, cost-effective and flexible modes of logistics. The factors arising from the viewpoint of the customers are nutritional qualities of the food products, health benefits, sensitivity of the customers towards safety and quality of food, ways of production, place of production, environmental and social concerns and welfare of the community. The most important elemen ts for consideration in the designing of the food supply chains are on-shelf availability and cost efficiency for the businesses. But in the light of the emerging environmental concerns other factors like greenhouse gas emissions, energy conservation, increasing traffic congestions and transportation costs are also gaining importance. Challenges The future of global food supply chain focuses on the following critical dimensions: The global food supply chain industry is feeling the necessity of a paradigm shift in the processes as the future of the industry is considered to be highly different from the past trends in the industry. The need for adopting the latest technologies and innovations by the supply chain like the adaptation of the green supply chain is critical to comply with the raising environmental concerns all across the globe. The challenges arising in the global market which will influence operational changes in the major companies involved in the food supply chain indus try. The food supply chain industry has identified the need to implement a new business model to deal with critical issues like taking up new business opportunities and achieving sustainability in the industry. The increasing demand and the scarcity of resources is a major issue faced by the global food supply chain industry (McKinsey & Company 7). The population of the world is increasing in manifolds and so is the necessity to provide food and nutrition to the global population. According to the latest statistics, more than 850 billion people throughout the globe do not have proper access to food commodities and are more sensitive to price increases and nutritional concerns. The global food supplies need a boost by a considerable increase in the production of environmentally sustainable food commodities. But reaching stabilization is difficult due to the complexity of the food supply chains and the various factors diversely affecting its operations. Internal forces driving change The major changes in the food supply chain industry that will influence the changes in the supply chains are the flow of information, consumer behavior and the movement of goods (McKinsey & Company 12). Since these are internal changes occurring within the industry, the industry would have some control over reshaping these factors. Information flow: The proper flow of informatio